国务院办公厅转发中国人民银行等部门关于国家助学贷款管理规定(试行)的通知

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国务院办公厅转发中国人民银行等部门关于国家助学贷款管理规定(试行)的通知

国务院办公厅


国务院办公厅转发中国人民银行等部门关于国家助学贷款管理规定(试行)的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府,国务院各部委、各直属机构:
中国人民银行、教育部、财政部《关于国家助学贷款的管理规定(试行)》已经国务院同意,现转发给你们,请遵照执行。
为使国家对经济困难的学生助学贷款工作顺利进行,先在北京、上海、天津、重庆、武汉、沈阳、西安、南京等市进行试点,待条件成熟后再逐步推行。有关地方人民政府和国务院有关部门,要注意了解试点情况,总结经验,适时完善管理规定。


(中国人民银行、教育部、财政部 一九九九年五月十三日)

为促进教育事业的发展,依据《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》、《中华人民共和国教育法》等法律的有关规定,现就实行国家助学贷款有关事项作如下规定:
(一)国家助学贷款适用于中华人民共和国(不含香港特别行政区、澳门和台湾地区)高等学校(以下简称:学校)中经济确实困难的全日制本、专科学生。
(二)国家助学贷款是以帮助学校中经济确实困难的学生支付在校期间的学费和日常生活费为目的,运用金融手段支持教育,资助经济困难学生完成学业的重要形式。
(三)中国工商银行为中国人民银行批准的国家助学贷款经办银行。国家助学贷款的具体管理办法由中国工商银行制定,报中国人民银行批准后执行。
一、管理体制
(四)为保证国家助学贷款制度的顺利实行,由教育部、财政部、中国人民银行和中国工商银行组成全国助学贷款部际协调小组(以下简称:部际协调组)。教育部设立全国学生贷款管理中心,作为部际协调组的日常办事机构。各省、自治区、直辖市设立相应的协调组织和管理中心。
(五)部际协调组主要负责协调教育、财政、银行等部门及学校之间的关系,制定国家助学贷款政策,确定中央部委所属学校年度国家助学贷款指导性计划。其中:教育部主要负责根据国家教育发展状况,会同有关部门研究如何利用助学贷款的有关政策;财政部主要负责筹措、拨付中央部委所属学校国家助学贷款的贴息经费(含特困生贷款的还本资金),监督贴息经费使用情况;中国人民银行主要负责根据国家有关政策,确定国家助学贷款经办银行,审批有关办法,监督贷款执行情况;经办银行负责贷款的审批、发放与回收。
(六)全国学生贷款管理中心负责根据部际协调组确定的年度国家助学贷款指导性计划,接收、审核中央部委所属学校提交的贷款申请报告,核准各学校贷款申请额度,并抄送经办银行总行;统一管理财政部拨付的中央部委所属学校国家助学贷款贴息经费,接受国内外教育捐款,扩大贴息资金来源,并将贴息经费专户存入经办银行;根据经办银行发放的国家助学贷款和特困生贷款数量,按季向经办银行划转贴息经费;与经办银行总行签定国家助学贷款管理协议;向经办银行提供有关信息材料;协助经办银行监督、管理国家助学贷款的发放、使用,协助经办银行按期回收和催收国家助学贷款;指导各地区学生贷款管理中心工作;办理部际协调组交办的其他事宜。
(七)各省、自治区、直辖市国家助学贷款协调组织,根据部际协调组确定的有关政策,领导本行政区域国家助学贷款工作;负责协调本行政区域教育、财政、银行等部门及学校之间的关系;提出本行政区域所属学校的国家助学贷款年度指导性计划。
(八)各省、自治区、直辖市学生贷款管理中心为本行政区域内国家助学贷款协调组织的日常办事机构,根据本行政区域协调组织确定的年度国家助学贷款指导性计划,接收、审核所属学校提交的贷款申请报告,核准各学校贷款申请额度,并抄送同级经办银行;统一管理地方财政拨付的贷款贴息经费及特困生贷款偿还所需经费,贴息经费专户存入经办银行;根据经办银行发放的国家助学贷款和特困生贷款数量,按季向经办银行划转贴息经费;与当地有关经办银行签定国家助学贷款管理协议;向经办银行提供有关信息材料;协助经办银行监督、管理贷款的发放、使用和回收,并负责协助经办银行催收贷款;办理同级协调组织交办的其他有关事宜。
(九)各学校要指定专门机构统一管理本校国家助学贷款工作,负责对申请贷款的学生进行资格初审;按期向学生贷款管理中心报送全校年度贷款申请报告;根据学生贷款管理中心核准的贷款申请额度,将经初审的学生贷款申请报送经办银行;与经办银行签定国家助学贷款管理协议;协助经办银行组织贷款的发放和回收,并负责协助经办银行催收贷款;及时统计并向上级学生贷款管理中心和有关经办银行提供学生的变动(包括学生就业、升学、转校、退学等)情况和国家助学贷款的实际发放情况;办理学生贷款管理中心交办的其他事宜。
(十)国家助学贷款经办银行接受中国人民银行的监督,负责按照国家信贷政策,制定国家助学贷款的具体管理办法;审核各学校报送的学生个人贷款申请报告等相关材料,按贷款条件审查决定是否发放贷款;具体负责贷款的发放和回收;有权根据贷款的回收情况、学生贷款管理中心和学校在催收贷款方面的配合情况,决定是否发放新的国家助学贷款。
二、贷款的申请和发放
(十一)经办银行发放的国家助学贷款属于商业性贷款,纳入正常的贷款管理。
(十二)国家助学贷款实行学生每年申请、经办银行每年审批的管理方式。
(十三)经办银行负责确定国家助学贷款的具体发放金额,其中:用于学费的金额最高不超过借款学生所在学校的学费收取标准;用于生活费的金额最高不超过学校所在地区的基本生活费标准。
(十四)学生申请国家助学贷款必须具有经办银行认可的担保,担保人应当与经办银行订立担保合同。
(十五)确实无法提供担保、家庭经济特别困难的学生,可以申请特困生贷款。特困生贷款由学校提出建议,报上级学生贷款管理中心审批后,由经办银行按有关规定办理贷款手续。
(十六)经办银行核批国家助学贷款,并将已批准发放贷款的学生名单及其所批准的贷款金额反馈相应的学生贷款管理中心和学校,学校上报上级学生贷款管理中心备案,并配合经办银行加强贷款管理。
三、贷款期限、利率和贴息
(十七)国家助学贷款的经办银行根据学生申请,具体确定每笔贷款的期限。
(十八)国家助学贷款利率按中国人民银行公布的法定贷款利率和国家有关利率政策执行。
(十九)为体现国家对经济困难学生的优惠政策,减轻学生的还贷负担,财政部门对接受国家助学贷款的学生给予利息补贴。学生所借贷款利息的50%由财政贴息,其余50%由学生个人负担。财政部门每年按期、按规定向学生贷款管理中心拨付贷款贴息经费。
(二十)国家鼓励社会各界以各种形式为经济困难学生提供助学贷款担保和贴息。
四、贷款回收
(二十一)学生所借贷款本息必须在毕业后四年内还清。为保证国家助学贷款的回收,学生毕业前必须与经办银行重新确认或变更借款合同,并办理相应的担保手续。此项手续办妥后,学校方可办理学生的毕业手续。
(二十二)在借款期间,学生出国(境)留学或定居者,必须在出国(境)前一次还清贷款本息,有关部门方可给予办理出国手续;凡需转学的学生,必须在其所在学校和经办银行与待转入学校和相应经办银行办理该学生贷款的债务划转后,或者在该学生还清所借贷款本息后,所在学校方可办理其转学手续;退学、开除和死亡的学生,其所在学校必须协助有关经办银行清收该学生贷款本息,然后方可办理相应手续。
(二十三)特困生贷款到期无法收回部分,由提出建议的学校和学生贷款管理中心共同负责偿还(其中:学校偿还60%,学生贷款管理中心偿还40%)。学校所需的偿还贷款资金在学校的学费收入中列支;学生贷款管理中心所需的偿还贷款资金,在财政部门批准后的贴息经费中专项列支,专款专用。
(二十四)借款学生不能按期偿还贷款本息的,按中国人民银行有关规定计收罚息。
(二十五)对未还清国家助学贷款的毕业生,其接收单位或者工作单位负有协助经办银行按期催收贷款的义务,并在其工作变动时,提前告知经办银行;经办银行有权向其现工作单位和原工作单位追索所欠贷款。


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CONSUMER COUNCIL ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


 CONSUMER COUNCIL ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 216)
 CONTENTS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  II    INCORPORATION AND POWERS
  ncorporation of Consumer Council
  unctions of Council
  owers of Council
  embership of Council
  eetings of Council
  ommittees
  isclosure of member's interest
  Appointment of staff and advisers
  Documents of Council
  III    FINANCIAL
  Resources of Council
  Borrowing powers
  Investment of funds
  Estimates
  Accounts, audit and annual report
  IV    GENERAL
  Council not servant or agent of Crown
  Governor may give directions
  Protection of members of Council and committees
  Prohibition of exploitation of the Council's name for
advertisement
  oses
  Transitional provisions
  dule
 Whole document
  
  ncorporate the Consumer Council, to define its functions and 
powers,
  egative personal liability of members and employees for the 
Council's
  ts committees' acts or omissions, and for connected purposes.
  July 1977] L. N. 167 of 1977
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Consumer Council Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  ncil" means the Consumer Council incorporated by section 3 (1);
  ancial year" means each period of 12 months ending with 31 March;
  ber" means a member of the Council.
 PART II INCORPORATION AND POWERS
  
  ncorporation of Consumer Council
  The Consumer Council existing at the commencement of this
Ordinance is
  by created a body corporate consisting of the persons who from
time to
  hold office as members of the Council.
  The Council shall have perpetual succession and a common 
seal and
  l be capable of suing and being sued and of doing and suffering 
all
  other acts and things as bodies corporate may lawfully do and
suffer.
  The Council shall continue to be known in the Chinese language
as.
  unctions of Council
  The functions of the Council are to protect and promote the 
interests
  onsumers of goods and services and purchasers, mortgagors and 
lessees
  mmovable property by--
  collecting, receiving and disseminating
  rmation concerning goods, services and immovable property;
  receiving and examining complaints by and giving advice to 
consumers
  oods and services and purchasers, mortgagors and lessees of 
immovable
  erty;
  taking such action as it thinks justified by information 
in its
  ession, including tendering advice to the Government or to any 
public
  cer;
  encouraging business and professional associations to
  blish codes of practice to regulate the activities of their
members;
  undertaking such other functions as the Council may adopt 
with the
  r approval of the Governor in Council.
  The Governor may be notice in writing to the Council 
declare any
  s, services or immovable property or class of goods, 
services or
  vable property to be outside the scope of the Council's 
functions
  r subsection (1).
  In subsection (1) and in section 5 (2) (c) "goods and services" 
does
  include goods and services which are--
  supplied by--
  the Government, the Urban Council or the Regional Council; or
(Amended
  f 1985 s. 60)
  a body mentioned in the Schedule; or
  made the subject of a declaration under subsection (2).
  The Governor in Council may, by order published in the Gazette, 
amend
  Schedule. (Amended 5 of 1992 s. 2)
  owers of Council
  The Council may do such things as are reasonably necessary to 
enable
  o carry out its functions.
  Without restricting the generality of subsection (1), the Council 
may
  arrying out its functions--
  acquire, hold and dispose of all kinds of property 
movable and
  vable and in any manner which it thinks fit;
  enter into any contract;
  undertake the testing and examination of goods and 
services and
  ection of immovable property; (Amended 5 of 1992s. 3)
  produce or distribute, by way of sale or otherwise, any 
publication
  h is of interest to consumers;
  do any thing which it may do under this ordinance in 
association or
  peration with any other person or sponsor any other person to do 
that
  g;
  charge for the use of any facility or service provided by the
Council;
  with the prior approval of the Governor, become a member 
of or
  liate to any international body concerned with consumer matters.
  
  embership of Council
  The Council shall consist of the following members--
  a Chairman who shall be appointed by the Governor for a 
term not
  eding 2 years;
  a Vice-Chairman who shall be appointed by the Governor for a term 
not
  eding 2 years; and (Replaced 28 of 1985 s. 2)
  not more than 20 other persons each of whom shall be appointed
by the
  rnor for a term not exceeding 2 years. (Replaced 28 of 1989 s.
2)
  The Chairman, Vice-Chairman and any other member 
appointed under
  ection (1) (c) may be reappointed upon expiry of their 
respective
  s of office. (Amended 28 of 1985 s. 2)
  The Chairman, Vice-Chairman and any other member 
appointed under
  ection (1) (c) may at any time-- (Amended 28 of 1985 s. 2)
  resign his office by notice to the Governor; or
  be removed therefrom by the Governor for permanent incapacity or
other
  icient cause, and upon such resignation or removal the term for 
which
  as appointed shall be deemed to have expired.
  Where the Chairman, Vice-Chairman or any other member appointed 
under
  ection (1) (c) is precluded by temporary incapacity or other 
cause
  exercising his functions as such for any period the 
Governor may
  int another person to act in place of the Chairman Vice-
Chairman or
  r member during such period with all such rights, powers, 
duties or
  ilities as if he had been appointed under subsection (1). (Amended 
28
  985s. 2)
  (Replaced 28 of 1985s. 2)
  Where any question arises under subsection (3) or (4) as to 
whether
  incapacity or cause exists or whether any incapacity is 
temporary or
  anent or any cause sufficient, the decision of the Governor 
thereon
  l be final.
  eetings of Council
  Meetings of the Council shall be held at such times and places
as the
  cil, the Chairman or in his absence, the Vice-Chairman may from 
time
  ime appoint.
  The following procedural provisions shall apply to
  y meeting of the Council and subject thereto the Council may 
regulate
  own procedure--
  at meetings of the Council 11 members shall form a quorum; 
(Replaced
  f 1989 s. 3. Amended 5 of 1992 s. 4)
  the Chairman or in his absence, the Vice-Chairman shall preside
or, if
  are absent or disqualified under section 9 (c), the members 
present
  l appoint one of their number to preside;
  every question shall be determined by a majority of votes 
of the
  ers present and voting thereon;
  in the event of an equality of votes the member presiding shall
have a
  ing vote in addition to his ordinary vote.
  nded 28 of 1985 s. 3)
  
  ommittees
  The Council may appoint committees and may delegate to 
them the
  cise and performance of any of its powers and functions except 
this
  r of delegation.
  Persons who are not members of the Council are
  ible for appointment to committees.
  Subject to the terms of any delegation by the 
Council, every
  ittee--
  may exercise and perform the delegated powers and functions
  the same effect as if it were the Council itself;
  shall be presumed to be acting in accordance with the terms of 
the
  gation in the absence of proof to the contrary;
  may regulate its own procedure.
  isclosure of member's interest
  member of the Council, or of any committee of the Council, 
has a
  ct or indirect commercial interest in any matter under discussion
at a
  ing of the Council or of the committee, being an interest greater
than
  which he has as a member of the general public, the 
following
  isions shall apply--
  he shall disclose the nature of his interest at the meeting;
  the disclosure shall be recorded in the minutes;
  where the disclosure is made by the member presiding, he shall 
vacate
  chair during the discussion;
  the member (including one who has vacated the chair under
paragraph
  shall, if so required by the member presiding, withdraw 
from the
  ing during the discussion and shall not in any case, 
except as
  rwise determined by the member presiding, vote on any 
resolution
  erning the matter or be counted for the purpose of establishing 
the
  tence of a quorum.
  Appointment of staff and advisers
  Subject to subsection (4), the Council shall appoint a person to 
hold
  office of Chief Executive. (Amended 28 of 1985 s. 4)
  The Council may appoint such other employees as it thinks 
fit and
  ect to subsection (4), determine all matters relating 
to their
  neratior and terms and conditions of appointment or employment.
  The Council may engage the services of technical and 
professional
  sers in such manner and on such terms and conditions as it thinks
fit.
  The Council shall obtain the prior approval of the Governor to--
  any appointment proposed to be made under subsection (1) and the
terms
  conditions thereof;
  the suspension or dismissal of the Chief Executive;
  the salary or salary scale (including allowances and other 
pecuniary
  fits) and conditions of employment applicable to the Chief 
Executive
  every other employee or class employee, and any variation
thereof.
  nded 28 of 1985 s. 4)
  No person shall be employed by the Council otherwise than on the
salar
  alary scale or on the conditions of employment applicable to that
pers
  oved by the Governor under subsection (4).
  
  Documents of Council
  The Council may make and execute all such documents as may 
expedient
  or conducive to the exercise and performance of its power 
functions
  duties.
  The fixing of the seal of the Council to any document
  l--
  be authorized by resolution of the Council; and
  be authenticated by the signatures of any 2 members 
authorize by
  lution of the Council, either generally or specially, to ao for 
that
  ose.
  Any document purporting to be duly executed under the seal 
of the
  cil shall, unless the contrary is proved, be considered to be 
duly
  uted.
  Any contract or instrument which if entered into or executed 
by a
  on not being a body corporate would not be required to be in the 
form
  deed may be entered into or executed on behalf of the Council by 
any
  on generally or specially authorized by the Council for that 
purpose.
 PART III FINANCIAL
  
  Resources of Council
  The Governor may, out of money appropriated for the purpose 
by the
  slative Council, authorize payment to the Consumer Council 
of such
  nts as he thinks fit.
  The resources of the Council shall consist
  
  all money received by the Council pursuant to subsection (1);
  money paid to the Council by way of donations, fees, 
subscriptions,
  and interest;
  all other money and property, including accumulations of 
income,
  ived by the Council for its purposes.
  Borrowing powers
  Council may, with the approval of the Financial Secretary, 
borrow or
  rwise raise money and charge all or any part of its 
property as
  rity therefor.
  Investment of funds
  money of the Council that is not immediately required 
shall be
  sted--
  on fixed deposit in any bank or savings bank approved by the
  ncial Secretary, either generally or in any particular case, for 
the
  ose; or
  in such other forms of investment as the Financial 
Secretary may
  ove.
  Estimates
  Council shall in each financial year adopt estimates of 
income and
  nditure for the ensuing financial year and, before a date 
to be
  inted by the Financial Secretary, send them to the Governor for 
his
  oval together with a programme of its proposed activities 
for the
  ing financial year.
  
  Accounts, audit and annual report
  The Council shall keep proper accounts and proper records in 
relation
  eto and shall within 3 months after the expiry of a financial year,
or
  further period as the Financial Secretary may allow, 
prepare a
  ement of the accounts of the Council, which statement shall
include an
  me and expenditure account and a balance sheet.
  The Council
  l, subject to subsection (3), appoint an auditor, who 
shall be
  tled to have access at any time to all books of account, vouchers 
and
  r financial records of the Council and to require such information
and
  anations relating thereto as he thinks fit.
  The Council shall obtain the prior approval of the Financial
Secretary
  ny appointment proposed to be made under subsection (2).
  The auditor shall, as soon as is practicable, audit the 
accounts
  ired by subsection (1) and shall submit a report thereon 
to the
  cil.
  The Council shall within 3 months after the receipt by it 
of the
  tor's report in respect of its accounts for a financial 
year, or
  in such further period as the Financial Secretary may allow,
furnish--
  a report on the affairs of the Council for that year;
  a copy of its accounts therefor; and
  the auditor's report on the accounts, to the Governor who shall 
cause
  same to be tabled in the Legislative Council.
 PART IV GENERAL
  
  Council not servant or agent of Crown
  Council is not a servant or agent of the Crown and does not enjoy 
any
  us, immunity or privilege of the Crown.
  Governor may give directions
  The Governor may, if he considers that the public 
interest so
  ires, give to the Council such directions as he thinks 
fit with
  ect to the exercise and performance by the Council of its 
powers,
  tions and duties under this Ordinance, either generally or 
in any
  icular case.
  The Council shall comply with any direction given to 
it under
  ection (1).
  Protection of members of Council and committees
  No member or employee of the Council or of any committee 
of the
  cil shall be personally liable for any act done or default made--
  by the Council; or
  by any committee of the Council, acting in good faith in the course
of
  operations of the Council or of the committee.
  The protection hereby conferred on members and employees 
of the
  cil or of a committee in respect of any act or default shall not 
in
  way affect any liability of the Council for that act or default.
  
  Prohibition of exploitation of the Council's name for 
advertisement
  oses
  No person shall, with a view to promoting or disparaging any
  s, services or immovable property or promoting the image 
of any
  on, publish or cause to be published any advertisement which 
either
  essly or by implication makes reference to--
  the Council;
  any committee, member, agent or employee of the Council;
  the Council's publication or finding of tests or surveys
conducted by
  n behalf of the Council; or
  any other information published by the Council, without 
written
  ent of the Council.
  Any person who contravenes subsection (1) commits an offence 
and is
  le to a fine of $ 100,000.
  For the purpose of subsection (1) "advertisement" may be 
constituted
  ny words, whether written or spoken, or any picture, drawing, 
visual
  e, figure or article--
  appearing in any publication; or
  brought to the notice of the public or any section of the public 
in
  other way. (Replaced 5 of 1992 s. 5)
  Transitional provisions
  All property of whatever kind and whether movable or immovable 
vested
  r belonging to the Consumer Council existing at the 
commencement of
  Ordinance shall as from that date vest in or belong to that 
Council
  ts corporate capacity without any further assurance.
  All obligations and liabilities of the said Consumer Council 
are as
  the commencement of this Ordinance the obligations and
liabilities of
  Council in its corporate capacity.
  Where anything has been commenced by or under the authority 
of the
  Consumer Council before the commencement of this Ordinance such
thing
  be carried on any completed by the Council in its corporate
capacity.
  Every person who immediately before the commencement of this
Ordinance
  s an appointment as Chairman, Executive Director or a member of 
the
  Consumer Council is, as from such commencement but subject to 
the
  s of his appointment, the Chairman, Executive Director, or a
member of
  Council, as the case may be, for the purposes of this Ordinance.
  Notwithstanding the definition of "financial year" in section 
2 the
  od between the commencement of this Ordinance and 31 March 1978 
shall
  eemed to be a financial year.
  No stamp duty shall be payable in respect of any transfer of 
property
  r this section.
 SCHEDULE
  
  Television Limited
  a Light and Power Company, Limited
  a Motor Bus Company, Limited
  Cross-Harbour Tunnel Company, Limited
  Marketing Organization
  Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited
  Hong Kong and Yaumati Ferry Company Limited

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司法实践中,关于不动产能否成为贪污罪的犯罪对象问题,曾有如下三种认识:一是肯定说,认为公共财物中的不动产也是贪污犯罪侵害的对象。动产与不动产是各种财物在客观上的物质表现形态,其本质并未改变,刑法中规定的公共财物并没有限制为动产,也没有将不动产排除在外,属于公共财产的不动产自然能够成为贪污犯罪的对象。二是否定说,认为贪污罪的对象只限于动产。之所以不动产不能成为贪污罪的主体,是因为不动产不像动产那样可以移动,可以被行为人所占有支配,而不动产的转移必须经过法定的登记程序,不动产的产权只有经过法定程序即通过法定的登记程序才能对第三方产生法律效力。三是犹豫说,认为对不动产是否属于贪污罪的对象,不明确表态,而是概括地规定为财物。
我们认为,不动产与动产均可成为贪污罪的犯罪对象,其具体理由是:
1.刑法关于贪污罪对象“公共财物”的性质,并没有“动产”的限定,这意味着在逻辑上可以将不动产置于贪污罪的对象中去理解。根据刑法第三百八十二条规定,贪污罪的犯罪对象是公共财物。根据刑法第九十一条的规定,“公共财产”包括国有财产、劳动群众集体所有的财产、用于扶贫和其他公益事业的社会捐助或者专项基金以及在国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位和人民团体管理、使用或者运输中的私人财产。可见,刑法就第三百八十二条规定的“公共财物”的内涵和外延均未将不动产排除在外。在司法实践中,诈骗罪、侵占罪等的犯罪 对象都包括不动产。同样,贪污罪究其犯罪行为,除利用职务上的便利外,与诈骗犯罪等一般财产犯罪是同样的,而且因为其有着职务便利可以利用,故其犯罪通常情况下更容易得逞,因而公有房屋可以成为贪污罪的犯罪对象。在我国,虽然不动产的所有权关系必须通过严格的法律手续才可能将其固定下来。如房屋,若不提交有关财产证明经房地产主管部门审查确认后是无法领取房屋产权证的,从而也就难以达到非法占有的目的。但通过采取伪造、涂改、假冒有关证明文件的手段,欺骗产权登记机关而达到变非法为合法占有不动产的目的也并非不可做到。对这种行为,如果是国家工作人员利用职务之便所为,显然应以贪污罪处罚
2.从贪污行为的特性或者说行为的类型性特征分析考查,国家工作人员或者受委托管理、经营国有财产的人员,利用职务便利非法侵占不动产,存在现实可能性。贪污罪在客观上是利用职务便利、通过“侵吞、窃取、骗取”等非法手段侵占财物的行为,就其中的“窃取”、“骗取”行为方式而言,与普通盗窃、普通诈骗中行为人事先并不持有所要秘密窃取或者骗取的财物不同、贪污罪中的行为人实际上一般都因为其职务、职责而对公共财物拥有支配权、调拨权、管理权,如对公有房屋行使实际控制权,行为人完全可以在支配管理的情况下,将不动产的所有权转归己有;就其中的“侵吞”行为方式而言,则和普通侵吞、职务侵吞一样,行为人始终拥有着主管、管理、经手单位不动产的职权。
此外,在司法实践中,国家工作人员利用职务上的便利非法占有不动产的行为也偶有发生,这些行为与利用职务上的便利非法占有动产行为一样,都侵犯了国有单位的公共财产所有权,触及刑法设立贪污罪所要保护的法益,因而有必要将不动产纳入贪污罪的对象范围。


景县人民检察院 姚艳萍 霸小燕