中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)

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中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)

中国保险监督管理委员会


中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)


Detailed Rules for Implementation of Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Foreign-funded Insurance Companies

Article 1
These Rules are formulated in accordance with the Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Foreign-funded Insurance Companies (hereinafter referred to as “the Regulations”).

Article 2
A foreign insurance company under the Regulations refers to an insurance company registered and conducting insurance business outside the territory of China.

Article 3
The proportion of foreign equity in an insurance company incorporated within the territory of China by a foreign insurance company with a Chinese company or enterprise that conducts life insurance business (hereinafter referred to as “joint-equity life insurance company”) shall be no more than 50% of the total equity of the company.

The shares of a joint-equity life insurance company directly or indirectly held by a foreign insurance company shall not exceed the limit of proportion as stipulated in the preceding paragraph.

Article 4
For a foreign-funded insurance company established within the territory of China before the Regulations became effective with registered capital or working capital of less than RMB 200 million or an equivalent amount in a freely convertible currency, its registered capital or working capital shall be fully paid within 2 years after these Rules become effective. For those who fail to fully pay the registered capital or working capital, China Insurance Regulatory Commission shall not grant approval to their application for operation of new business.

Article 5
The registered capital or working capital of a foreign-funded insurance company shall be the actually paid-up currency.

Article 6
After establishing a branch, the foreign insurance company shall not withdraw the working capital in any form.

Article 7
The period of operation of insurance business being more than 30 years, which is mentioned in Item 1 of Article 8 of the Regulations, means that the foreign insurance company shall have continuously been running insurance business for more than 30 years, and the foreign insurance company’s acquisition of another institution or merger with another institution to establish a new insurance company, shall not affect the calculation of the business operation period.

The business operation period of a subsidiary of a foreign insurance company shall start from the date of establishment of the subsidiary.

Article 8
The representative office mentioned in Item 2 of Article 8 of the Regulations refers to the following representative offices approved by China Insurance Regulatory Commission (hereinafter referred to as “CIRC”):

(1) The representative office established by a foreign insurance company;
(2) The representative office established by a group to which a foreign insurance company belongs.

Article 9
The representative office established by a foreign insurance company or its group to which the insurance company belongs is only applicable to application for establishing one foreign-funded insurance company.

Article 10
The end of the year prior to the application for the establishment mentioned in Item 3 of Article 8 of the Regulations refers to the end of the previous fiscal year before the date of application.

Article 11
The other prudential requirements mentioned in Item 7 of Article 8 of the Regulations shall at least include the following requirements:

(1) Reasonable structure for corporate governance;
(2) Stable and sound risk control system;
(3) Sound internal control system;
(4) Effective Management Information System;
(5) Good operating performance without records of serious violation of laws and regulations.

Article 12
Where the applicant fails to provide the business license (duplicate) as stipulated in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, the applicant may provide a valid copy of the business license or a written certificate issued by the relevant authority evidencing the applicant’s eligibility to conduct insurance business.

Article 13
The certificate mentioned in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, which is issued by the relevant authority of the country or region where the foreign applicant is located to evidence the applicant’s solvency, shall include one of the following contents:

(1) Certifying that the applicant complies with the regulatory requirements of the country or region on solvency in the previous fiscal year as of the date when the relevant authority issues the certificate;
(2) Certifying that the applicant has no record of incompliance with the standard of the country or region on solvency in the previous fiscal year as of the date when the relevant authority issues the certificate.

Article 14
The Letter of Comments issued by the relevant authority of the country or region where the foreign applicant is located concerning the applicant’s application, which is mentioned in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, shall include the following contents:

(1) Whether the application for the establishment of an insurance institution in China complies with the laws and rules of the applicant’s country or region;
(2) Whether the authority approves the applicant’s application;
(3) The record of the punishment imposed on the applicant in the last three years prior to the date of issuance of the Letter of Comments by the relevant authority;

Article 15
The annual report mentioned in Item 3 of Article 9 of the Regulations shall include the Balance Sheets, Statements of Profit and Loss, and Cash Flow Statements of the applicant in the last three fiscal years prior to the date of application.

The annual report mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be attached with the auditor’s report issued by an accounting or auditing firm authorized by the country or region where the applicant is located.

Article 16
Except otherwise specified by the laws or administrative regulations or approved by the State Council, the Chinese applicant mentioned in Item 4 of Article 9 of the Regulations shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) The companies or enterprises with the capacity of legal person registered at the administration department of industry and commerce, excluding commercial banks, securities organizations and the foreign-funded enterprises specified in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign-funded Enterprises;
(2) Being approved by the administrative authority of the enterprise or its shareholders’ meeting;
(3) Good operating performance and in the previous fiscal year as of the application date being profitable;
(4) Making the investment with self-owned capital from legitimate sources.

Article 17
The relevant documents to be submitted by a Chinese applicant for the establishment of a joint-equity insurance company shall include business license (duplicate), articles of association, business structure, operation history, annual report and punishment record for the last three years.

Article 18
The person in charge of the preparation of a foreign-funded insurance company shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) Academic degree above junior college level;
(2) Insurance or related work experience for over 2 years;
(3) No illegal and criminal record.

Article 19
Where an applicant applies for the extension of the preparation period according to the provisions specified in Article 11 of the Regulations, he shall, within 1 month before expiration of the original preparation period, submit a written application to CIRC and explain the reason.

Article 20
The preparation report mentioned in Item 1 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall summarize all the issues stated in other paragraphs under this article.

Article 21
The statutory capital verification organization mentioned in Item 4 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to an accounting firm complying with the requirements of CIRC.

Article 22
The capital verification certificate mentioned in Item 4 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall include the following contents:

(1) A Capital Verification Report issued by a statutory capital verification organization;
(2) A copy of the original bank receipt voucher evidencing payment of the registered capital or working capital.

Article 23
The main person-in-charge mentioned in Item 5 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to the general manager of the proposed branch of a foreign insurance company.

The letter of attorney issued to the person to be appointed as the main person-in-charge of the proposed branch of the foreign insurance company, refers to the letter of attorney issued to the person to be appointed as the general manager of the proposed branch of the foreign insurance company, which is signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the foreign insurance company.

The letter of attorney shall explicitly specify the scope of authorization granted to the authorized person.

Article 24
The senior managerial personnel of the proposed company mentioned in Item 6 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall have the qualifications specified by CIRC.

The senior managerial personnel of the branch of a foreign insurance company shall have the qualifications equal to those required for the counterparts in the headquarters of an insurance company.

Article 25
The materials regarding business place of the proposed company mentioned in Item 9 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to the supporting documents evidencing the ownership or use-right of the business place.

The materials concerning other facilities related to the business mentioned in Item 9 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall include at least information about configuration of computer facilities, network construction and information management system.

Article 26
The following documents or materials to be provided by a foreign insurance company for an application for the establishment of a foreign-funded insurance company according to the requirements specified in the Regulations and these Rules, shall be notarized by a public notary legally established in the local country or region, or verified by the embassy or consulate of China in that country:

(1) The business license (duplicate) or valid copy of the business license;
(2) A letter of attorney issued to the proposed person-in-charge of the branch of a foreign insurance company;
(3) A letter of guarantee of a foreign insurance company to undertake the obligations of tax and duties payment and debts repayment on behalf of its branch in China.

Article 27
A foreign-funded insurance company may apply for establishing branches as needed according to business development.

The branch of a foreign insurance company can only conduct business within the territory of the province, autonomous region or municipality where the branch is located. Where the joint-equity insurance company or wholly-owned insurance company is prepared to conduct business in any other province, autonomous region or municipality outside its locality, it shall establish a branch in the place concerned.

A foreign insurance company may, according to actual circumstances, apply for establishing a central sub-branch or sub-branch, operating office or marketing service office. The establishment and management of marketing service offices shall be subject to other applicable regulations of CIRC, if any.

Article 28
Where a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company which has been established with a minimum registered capital of RMB200 million, applies for the first time for the establishment of a branch in every other province, autonomous region, or municipality outside its locality, it shall increase the registered capital by no less than RMB20 million.

By the time of applying for the establishment of a branch, if the registered capital of a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company has reached the amount as stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the company will no longer be required to increase its registered capital.

Where the registered capital of a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company has reached RMB500 million and where the solvency of the company is adequate, no increase of registered capital is required when the company applies for the establishment of a branch.

Article 29
A foreign-funded insurance company that applies for the establishment of a branch shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) Its solvency margin shall comply with relevant regulations specified by CIRC.
(2) Its internal control system is sound and there is no record of punishment; where the operating period exceeds 2 years, there is no record of punishment in the most recent 2 years;
(3) It has senior managerial personnel of the branch with the relevant qualifications specified by CIRC.

Article 30
A foreign-funded insurance company that applies for the establishment of a branch shall submit an application to CIRC and provide the following documents in triplicate:

(1) A letter of application for establishment;
(2) Audited solvency status reports as of the end of the previous fiscal year and as of the end of the last quarter;
(3) A three-year business development plan and market analysis for the proposed branch;
(4) Resume(s) of the person(s)-in-charge of the organization preparation and relevant certificates.

Article 31
CIRC shall examine the application and decide, within 20 days after receiving the complete application documents, whether or not to grant approval; in case no approval is granted, CIRC shall inform the applicant in writing of the decision and explain the reason.

After approval is granted, the applicant shall complete the preparation within 6 months. Where the applicant fails to do so within the prescribed time limit, if the reason is justified and subject to approval by CIRC, the period may be extended for 3 months. Where the preparation is still not completed within the extended period, the original approval document issued by CIRC becomes void automatically.

The preparing body may not be engaged in any commercial activities concerning insurance.

Article 32
After the preparation is completed, the applicant shall apply to CIRC for opening business and submit the following documents in triplicate:

(1) A letter of application for opening business;
(2) A progress report of the preparation work;
(3) Resume(s) of senior managerial personnel to be appointed and relevant certificates;
(4) Relevant certificates of ownership or use-right of the office for the proposed branch, information regarding the configuration of computer facilities, network construction, and internal structure and staff.

Article 33
CIRC shall decide, within 20 days after receiving the complete application documents for opening business, whether or not to grant approval; in case the application is approved, a license for conducting insurance business shall be issued to the branch; in case the application is disapproved, CIRC shall inform the applicant in writing of the decision and explain the reason.

The branch with approval for opening business shall go through the formalities of business registration at the administration department of industry and commerce by presenting the approval document and the license for conducting insurance business and accordingly obtain business license from the authority before opening business.

Article 34
Unless otherwise stipulated in these Rules, the examination and administration of the qualifications of the senior managerial personnel of a foreign-funded insurance company and its branches shall be subject to the relevant regulations of CIRC.

Article 35
Where a joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company applies for dissolution when it splits, or merges with another one, or dissolves pursuant to the articles of association, such dissolution must be subject to approval of CIRC and the following documents shall be submitted:

(1) A letter of application signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the company;
(2) The resolution of the meeting of shareholders;
(3) Composition of the proposed liquidation group and a plan for liquidation;
(4) A proposal for solving the outstanding liabilities.

Article 36
The joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company whose dissolution has been approved by CIRC shall, from the date of receiving the approval document from CIRC, terminate any new business activities and hand in the license for conducting insurance business to CIRC and form a liquidation group within 15 days.

Article 37
The liquidation group shall, within 5 days after its establishment, inform the relevant authorities concerning the administration departments of industry and commerce, tax, labor and social security in writing of the liquidation procedure and conditions.

Article 38
The liquidation group shall, within 1 month from the date of establishment, appoint an accounting firm pursuant to the requirements of CIRC to conduct auditing, and shall deliver an auditor’s report to CIRC within three months from the date of appointment.

Article 39
The liquidation group shall submit the latest liability liquidation and assets disposal report to CIRC before the tenth date of each month.

Article 40
The newspaper mentioned in Article 28 of the Regulations refers to the newspaper specified by CIRC.

Article 41
The foreign property insurance company that applies for cancellation of its branch in China shall submit an application to CIRC for approval and present the following materials:

(1) A letter of application signed by the Board of Directors or General Manager of the foreign property insurance company;
(2) Composition of the proposed liquidation group and a plan for liquidation;
(3) A proposal for solving the outstanding liabilities.

The procedures of application for dissolution of a joint-equity or foreign-funded property insurance company specified in the Regulations and these Rules shall be applicable to the specific procedures for the foreign property insurance company to cancel its branch in China.

Where the head office of a branch of a foreign property insurance company is dissolved or cancelled or declared bankruptcy according to law, the liquidation and liability disposal of the branch of such foreign property insurance company shall comply with the regulations concerning dissolution of the joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company stipulated in Article 30 of the Regulations and these Rules.

Article 42
The foreign-funded insurance company in violation of the relevant provisions of these Rules shall be subject to punishment by CIRC according to the provisions specified in Insurance Law, the Regulations and other relevant laws and regulations.

Article 43
The documents, materials and written reports to be submitted or reported under the Regulations and these Rules shall be prepared in Chinese version, and the Chinese version shall prevail in the event of discrepancy between the Chinese version and the foreign language version.

Article 44
The period specified in the Regulations and these Rules shall start from the date when the relevant materials are delivered to CIRC. If the application documents provided by the applicant is incomplete and further delivery is needed, the period shall start from the date when the supplementary materials are delivered to CIRC.

The period concerning approval and report delivery prescribed in these Rules refers to working days.

Article 45
The issues concerning administration of a foreign-funded insurance company that are not specified in the Regulations or these Rules shall be governed by the applicable laws, administrative rules and relevant regulations of CIRC.

The establishment of a foreign-funded reinsurance company shall comply with the Regulations on Establishment of Reinsurance Companies. The issues not specified in the Regulations on Establishment of Reinsurance Companies shall be governed by these Rules.

Article 46
These Rules shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to insurance companies that are established and operated in Chinese mainland by insurance companies from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region or Taiwan region. The issues otherwise stipulated in the laws, administrative rules or administrative protocols shall be governed by the stipulations therein.

Article 47
These Rules shall come into effect as of June 15, 2004.


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2005年《公司法》第16条第1款规定,“公司向其他企业投资或者为他人提供担保,依照公司章程的规定,由董事会或者股东会、股东大会决议;公司章程对投资或者担保的总额及单项投资或者担保的数额有限额规定的,不得超过规定的限额。”第2款规定,“公司为公司股东或者实际控制人提供担保的,必须经股东会或者股东大会决议。”第3款规定,“前款规定的股东或者受前款规定的实际控制人支配的股东,不得参加前款规定事项的表决。该项表决由出席会议的其他股东所持表决权的过半数通过。”该条规定了公司担保制度,并确立了公司对外担保的三项特殊规则,即:一是由公司章程先行进行规定。通过公司章程,预先对公司对外担保金额、决策程序等进行概括性约定;二是由董事会或者股东(大)会作出决议。在公司设立后,每次实际实施对外担保经营行为时,须由公司决策机关对该等事宜进行表决;三是涉及关联交易时限制关联股东的投票权。即公司为其股东或者实际控制人提供担保时,必须召开股东(大)会;投票时,关联股东不得参加,且该项表决须由出席会议的其他股东所持表决权的过半数通过。

在司法实践中,对于该条的适用,《人民司法》杂志社编著的《法律规则的提炼与运用重述(商事卷)》“第一部分 公司法”“公司对外担保法律效力的司法认定”专家重述之法律规则认为,“担保债权人对公司提供的公司相关同意担保的决议承担形式审查义务。相关决议形式上合法有效,且担保债权人在审查时已尽到合理的注意义务的,公司以决议存在实质上的瑕疵为由主张否定担保合同的效力的,人民法院不予支持”。虽然该法律规则不是司法解释的内容,但由于它是最高人民法院法官以及学界权威专家的意见,实际上在一定程度上代表了最高人民法院的观点,对我国司法实务界尤其是法院审判有直接影响。根据这一法律规则,担保债权人在担保合同签订前,对于公司“相关同意担保的决议”的形式审查义务乃为法定义务,如若不为或者为而存在重大过失,则应否定担保合同的效力。为此,对于本条的法律属性,我们可以作反向推定,根据《最高人民法院关于适用若干问题的解释(二)》(法释〔2009〕5号,以下简称《合同法司法解释二》)第14条“合同法第五十二条第(五)项规定的“强制性规定”,是指效力性强制性规定”的规定,前述专家重述之法律规则对于《公司法》第16条的规范属性的认定,应该是指效力性强制性规定。从该等条文内容来看,对于公司担保的程序问题,《公司法》第16条不仅规定了董事会或者股东(大)会要形成法人意思,作出相关决议,而且规定了这一事项要先行规定于公司章程,因此,无论是将“公司章程的先行规定”作为公司“相关同意担保的决议”的形成依据,还是从法条行文角度将“公司章程的先行规定”和“相关同意担保的决议”视为并列关系,如果将《公司法》第16条认定为效力性强制性规定,则担保债权人在担保合同签订前不仅应该审查公司“相关同意担保的决议”,而且应该审查“公司章程的先行规定”。然而,按照前述专家重述之法律规则设定的逻辑,担保债权人只需单对“相关同意担保的决议”承担形式审查义务,而无需对“公司章程的先行规定”承担形式审查义务,这样就会产生许多疑问和规范适用上的冲突:

第一,这种选择性“形式审查”规则适用的理由与法律依据是什么?

第二,无论“公司章程的先行规定”这一“依照”存在与否,担保债权人在对“相关同意担保的决议”作形式审查未尽到合理的注意义务时,为什么就必然会导致担保合同无效呢?两者是否具有法律上的直接因果关系或者关联性?

第三,担保债权人在对“相关同意担保的决议”作形式审查时,其审理的合理限度和注意义务的合理程度是什么?是仅仅将“决议有无”作为判断标准吗?规则中的“实质性的瑕疵”的法律内涵又是什么?法定代表人或有权代表违反对公司的忠实义务伪造、变造相关决议的情形是否应包含在内?董事会决议、股东(大)会决议形成后,如因工作失误等诸多原因于其上没有董事、股东的签字、或者仅有某一或少数董事、股东的签字、或者仅有董事长(执行董事)、控股股东的签字,这种情形是否属于“实质性的瑕疵”?如否,这种商事外观上的瑕疵,担保债权人是否可以据此认定公司没有担保能力,还是据此认为公司没有形成对外担保的法人意思,是否还需要进一步探究该等决议背后的董事会、股东会的真实意思表示?更进一步言,既然“实质性的瑕疵”不影响担保合同的效力,那么,“举重以明轻”,形式性的瑕疵”就更不应当影响担保合同效力,如此,那设定担保债权人形式审查公司“相关同意担保的决议”这一民事义务其法律意义又是什么呢?

第四,既然《公司法》第16条是效力性强制性规定,如果公司章程未对公司对外担保问题先行作出相关规定时,由于缺乏“依照公司章程的规定”之依据,董事会或者股东(大)会迳行作出“相关同意担保的决议”是否会因为违反该条规定而导致无效?

第五,进一步地,既然该条文是效力性强制性规定,为什么对外担保事项却又不属于《公司法》第25条、第82条规定的公司章程的绝对必要记载事项,是立法上的疏漏吗?……如此等等。

在面临上述诸多疑问时,前述专家重述之法律规则显然未作回答或者无从回答。因此,笔者以为,前述专家重述之法律规则是有失偏颇的,有必要予以澄清。为更好地理解《公司法》第16条规定以及准确认定公司担保的法律效力问题,笔者从违反该条文规范属性及违反该条规定的不同情形的法律后果分析与评析、该条文对公司对外担保合意形成的法律效力认定以及公司对外担保不同阶段适用的法律规范三个方面进行深入剖析。

一、《公司法》第16条规范属性及违反该条规定的不同情形的法律后果分析与评析

在公司对外担保问题上,从条文规定的角度,对于《公司法》第16条的违反,典型的情形包括但不限于如下十种:(1)公司章程没有先行规定,但由董事会作出了对外担保的法人意思的相关决议;(2)公司章程没有先行规定,但股东(大)会作出了对外担保的法人意思的相关决议;(3)公司章程没有先行规定,在公司为其股东或者实际控制人提供担保时,由董事会作出了对外担保的法人意思的相关决议;(4)公司章程没有先行规定,在公司为其股东或者实际控制人提供担保时,虽由股东(大)会作出了对外担保的法人意思的相关决议,但关联股东未予以回避;(5)公司章程有先行规定,但未召开董事会或者股东(大)会作出对外担保的法人意思的相关决议;(6)公司章程有先行规定,虽召开董事会作出对外担保的法人意思的相关决议,但超出公司章程对投资或者担保的总额及单项投资或者担保的数额的限额规定;(7)公司章程有先行规定,虽召开股东(大)会作出对外担保的法人意思的相关决议,但超出公司章程对投资或者担保的总额及单项投资或者担保的数额的限额规定;(8)在公司为其股东或者实际控制人提供担保时,公司章程虽有先行规定,但未召开股东(大)会作出对外担保的法人意思的相关决议;(9)在公司为其股东或者实际控制人提供担保时,公司章程虽有先行规定,但规定由董事会形成对外担保的法人意思,在具体实施时,未召开董事会作出对外担保的法人意思的相关决议;(10)在公司为其股东或者实际控制人提供担保时,公司章程虽有先行规定,但规定由董事会形成对外担保的法人意思,在具体实施时召开了董事会会议并作出了对外担保的法人意思的相关决议。对此,下面予以具体分析:

(一)《公司法》第16条第2、3款规范属性和公司章程对公司对外担保事项未作规定情形下的法律后果分析与对公司担保事项影响之评析

1、公司章程对于公司对外担保事项具有“沉默权”

对于前述所谓的违反《公司法》第16条第(1)至(4)种情形,其共同点均在于对对外担保问题“公司章程没有先行规定”。那么,在“公司章程没有先行规定”的情形下,公司是否有权对外提供担保呢?要回答这一问题,我们需要厘清对外担保事项的性质以及对外担保事项与公司章程之间的关系问题。

(1)对外担保事项的性质

对对外担保事项的性质,目前学界主要有两种代表性观点,第一种观点认为,对外担保是一种日常公司经营行为,无异于公司其他的经营行为;第二种观点认为,由于担保事关相关主体的利益,存有风险,应不同于公司的其他经营行为。在商事活动中,无论从公司内部看还是从公司外部看,公司任何一种经营行为都会事关相关主体的利益;市场交易能够持续进行,其实现基础就在于对对方当事人信用的信赖,亦不可能有不存在风险之幸,故以“担保事关相关主体的利益,存有风险”为由而将公司对外担保行为区分于公司的其他经营行为,显然是站不住脚的。不仅如此,在《公司法》等现行法律体系框架下,对于公司经营范围的限制,只局定于禁止经营、特许经营界限,公司对外担保并不位列其中。换言之,公司是否对外提供担保也完全属于由公司决策机构根据公司自身经营的实际情况予以决定的事项。因而,对于公司对外担保事项的性质,笔者赞同第一种观点之日常公司经营行为说。

(2)对外担保事项与公司章程的关系

所谓公司章程,是指由公司发起人(包括有限责任公司股东,下同)依法制定的、规定公司名称、住所、经营范围、公司机构以及经营管理基本规则等重大事项的基本文件,体现了全体股东的共同意志。对于公司章程的性质,学界争议较大,存在宪章说、自治说、契约说、共同法律行为说等多种观点,由于公司章程的内容包括法定的绝对必要记载事项和股东约定的任意记载事项,是在国家法律规范下的、经全体股东“自治”固定下来的共同意思表示,故笔者赞同“共同法律行为说”。

依据《公司法》第16条第1款的规定,对于公司对外担保问题,股东应先行于公司章程中予以规定,并在具体对外担保的事项实施中应视该等规定作为公司决策机构进行决策之依据。但是,如果公司章程没有对公司对外担保问题作出规定,即公司章程对公司对外担保问题保持“沉默”时,是否应视为对公司对外担保行为的限制?答案是否定的,理由如下:

《公司法》第25条规定,“有限责任公司章程应当载明下列事项:(一)公司名称和住所;(二)公司经营范围;(三)公司注册资本;(四)股东的姓名或者名称;(五)股东的出资方式、出资额和出资时间;(六)公司的机构及其产生办法、职权、议事规则;(七)公司法定代表人;(八)股东会会议认为需要规定的其他事项。”“股东应当在公司章程上签名、盖章。”第82条规定,“股份有限公司章程应当载明下列事项:(一)公司名称和住所;(二)公司经营范围;(三)公司设立方式;(四)公司股份总数、每股金额和注册资本;(五)发起人的姓名或者名称、认购的股份数、出资方式和出资时间;(六)董事会的组成、职权和议事规则;(七)公司法定代表人;(八)监事会的组成、职权和议事规则;(九)公司利润分配办法;(十)公司的解散事由与清算办法;(十一)公司的通知和公告办法;(十二)股东大会会议认为需要规定的其他事项。”从上述两个条文的内容来看,公司对外担保事项并不属于公司章程的绝对必要的记载事项。其作为公司章程的任意记载事项,在公司设立实践中,也常常在制订公司章程时被发起人所忽略。显而易见,这种忽略依据《公司法》第16条规定并不能直接得出公司不能从事对外担保事项这一结论,当然也绝非发起人否定公司对外担保的真实意思表示。更何况,从私法的角度,“法无明文禁止即允许”,由于公司对外担保是一种经营行为,在公司章程未作禁止时,公司的决策机构出于正常的商业判断基于对外担保而作出的决策就不能视为对于公司忠实义务的违反,而本应就是公司最正常不过的一项经营活动。因此,笔者以为,公司对外担保并不以公司章程有所规定作为前提,公司章程对对外担担保问题保持“沉默”时,不能视为对公司对外担保行为的限制。

(3)结论

从上述分析,我们可以得出结论,公司章程对对外担保事项享有“沉默”权。在对外担保问题上,“公司章程没有先行规定”,并不会导致对公司的担保能力的直接否认,亦不应视为其担保能力受到禁止或限制,这也从另一个侧面说明了《公司法》第16条第1款之规定并非效力性强制性规定。笔者以为,在公司章程这个层面上,对外担保适用规则之一就是:一般情况下,当公司章程对对外担保事项另有规定下则应依公司章程对外担保;在公司章程对对外担保事项保持“沉默”的情形下,就应视为股东已将对外担保的决定权已授权给予了公司的董事会或者执行董事。除了前述分析之理由外,另外一个很重要的原因就在于:现代公司制度的一个基本特征是股东对公司的所有权与公司的经营权相对分离,按照这一原则,除非公司章程另有规定,股东选定的公司董事会或者执行董事对一般经营性事项作出决策时,只要这种决策属于正常的商业判断范围,股东及公司就要承担董事会或者执行董事经营决策的后果。

2、《公司法》第16条第2、3款规范属性和对前述违反《公司法》第16条第(1)、(3)种情形的评析

(1)对前述违反《公司法》第16条第(1)种情形的评析

基于前述结论和适用规则之一,前述所谓的违反《公司法》第16条第(1)种情形,即“公司章程没有先行规定,但由董事会作出了对外担保的法人意思的相关决议”,显属董事会基于对外担保事项而对公司自身带来的盈利和风险进行权衡后所做出的一项正常决策,不应属于瑕疵决议,更不为非法行为。

(2)《公司法》第16条第2、3款规范属性和对前述违反《公司法》第16条第(3)种情形的评析

南昌市建设工程造价计价管理办法

江西省南昌市人民政府


南昌市建设工程造价计价管理办法

《南昌市建设工程造价计价管理办法》已经2005年3月28日市人民政府第33次常务会议通过,现予发布,自2005年7月1日起施行。
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第一条 为了加强对建设工程造价计价的管理,规范建设工程造价计价行为,维护建设工程各方合法权益,根据《中华人民共和国建筑法》、《江西省建筑管理条例》等法律、法规的规定,结合本市实际,制定本办法。
第二条 本市行政区域内建设工程造价的计价及管理,适用本办法。交通、水利等专业建设工程造价的计价及管理,按照国家、省有关规定执行。
第三条 本办法所称建设工程造价,是指建设工程从筹建到竣工交付使用期间所需的全部费用,主要包括建筑安装工程费、设备购置费、预备费以及其他相关费用。
第四条 市建设行政主管部门负责本市建设工程造价计价管理工作,其所属的建设工程造价管理机构负责具体工作。县、区建设行政主管部门负责本辖区建设工程造价计价管理工作。有关行政管理部门按照各自职责做好建设工程造价计价管理工作。
第五条 建设工程造价由发包与承包双方在合同中约定。建设工程造价计价应当遵循公平、合法和诚实信用的原则。
第六条 建设工程造价的计价依据包括以下内容:
(一)工程估算指标和概算指标;
(二)工程概算定额、预算定额与单位估价表;
(三)费用定额、工期定额;
(四)人工、材料、设备、施工机械台班价格;
(五)工程造价指数;
(六)工程量清单计价规范;
(七)国家和省规定的其他计价依据。
第七条 市建设工程造价管理机构应当按照国家和省有关规定做好新材料、新工艺、新技术的预算定额补充项目的编制工作。
第八条 市建设工程造价管理机构 应当建立工程造价信息数据库,定期发布建设工程材料、设备等市场价格信息。
第九条 建设工程不同的建设阶段应当分别编制建设工程投资估算、设计概算、施工图预算和工程结算;建设工程需要招标投标的,还应当编制招标标底、投标报价。
第十条 投资估算应当根据建设规模、建设内容、建设标准、主要设备选型、建设工期、估算指标以及有关规定编制。
第十一条 设计概算应当根据初步设计、概算定额、费用定额和市场价格编制。
第十二条 施工图预算应当根据施工设计图纸、预算定额、费用定额和市场价格编制。
第十三条 招标标底应当根据批准的初步设计、投资估算、招标文件、预算定额、费用定额和市场价格编制。
第十四条 投标报价应当根据招标文件、费用定额、市场价格等,结合企业技术装备、管理水平、建设单位对工期和质量的要求编制。
第十五条 工程结算应当根据竣工图纸、合同、工程造价的计价依据以及有关规定编制。
第十六条 编制施工图预算、招标标底和投标报价可以采用定额计价办法或者工程量清单计价办法。
第十七条 定额计价办法是指按照统一基价表、费用定额及有关文件规定和取费程序计算工程的直接费、间接费、利润、税金的计价办法。
第十八条 工程量清单计价办法是指按照工程量清单计价规范计算工程所需的全部费用,包括分部分项工程费、措施项目费、其他项目费和规费、税金的计价办法。
工程量清单应当依据招标文件、施工设计图纸、工程量清单计价规范和有关技术资料、计价规定以及施工现场条件、工程具体情况等编制。
第十九条 全部使用国有资金,或者国有资金占总投资金额50%以上,或者国有资金占总投资金额虽不足50%但国有资金投资者拥有控股权的大中型建设工程,必须采用工程量清单计价办法计价;其工程合同价和工程结算书,应当在发包与承包双方签章后1个月内书面告知市建设工程造价管理机构。
第二十条 发包与承包双方对建设工程的工程结算有争议的,可以向建设行政主管部门申请调解,调解不成,可以依法申请仲裁或者向人民法院提起诉讼;也可以直接依法申请仲裁或者向人民法院提起诉讼。
第二十一条 建设工程投资估算、设计概算、施工图预算和工程结算,单位有编制能力的,可以自行编制;单位没有编制能力的,应当委托具有相应资质的建设工程造价咨询单位编制。
建设工程招标标底,由具有编制招标文件能力的招标人,或者招标人委托的具有相应资质的建设工程造价咨询单位,或者招标代理机构编制。
建设工程投标报价,由投标人或者投标人委托的具有相应资质的建设工程造价咨询单位编制。
第二十二条 从事建设工程造价咨询业务的单位,应当依法取得资质证书,并在资质证书规定的范围内从事建设工程造价咨询业务,不得出具虚假的报告或者数据,不得转让中介业务。
禁止伪造、涂改、出租、转让、出卖资质证书。
第二十三条 从事建设工程造价咨询活动的人员,应当依法取得相应的执业资格证书,并在执业资格证书规定的范围内从事工程造价咨询活动。
第二十四条 鼓励开发、应用建设工程造价计算价软件。建设工程造价计算机软件的应用,应当符合建设工程造价计价管理的有关规定。
第二十五条 建设工程造价咨询单位有下列行为之一的,由建设行政主管部门责令改正,没收违法所得;情节严重的,可以提请颁发资质证书的机关责令停业整顿、降低资质等级直至吊销资质证书:
(一)无资质证书或者超越资质证书规定的范围从事中介服务的;
(二)转让中介业务的;
(三)与有关单位串通、弄虚作假、谋取非法利益,或者给建设单位、施工单位造成损失的。
第二十六条 建设工程造价咨询单位伪造、涂改、出租、转让、出卖资质证书的,由建设行政主管部门责令改正,有违法所得的,处以违法所得3倍的罚款,但最高不得超过3万元;没有违法所得的,处以2000元以上1万元以下的罚款。
第二十七条 建设行政主管部门和建设工程造价管理机构的工作人员玩忽职守,滥用职权,徇私舞弊的,依法给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第二十八条 本办法自2005年7月1日起施行。