案情：刘明和高强因往来账目问题发生争吵后，刘明邀向华一同去报复高强。向华骑自己的摩托车，在明知刘明携带凶器的情况下搭载刘明返回争吵现场。在距高强不远处，向华驾驶摩托车在旁等候，刘明持刀上前对高强身体要害部位猛刺数刀后，搭乘向华的摩托车逃离现场。高强当场死亡。　　

　　分歧：本案中，刘明报复杀人的主观故意明显，定性为故意杀人罪不存异议。但对向华的搭载行为是否构成犯罪存在分歧。　　

　　第一种意见认为，向华只是骑摩托车搭载了刘明一段路程，而且到达现场后，没有实施任何伤害高强的违法犯罪行为，向华和刘明之间对故意伤害或故意杀人的报复犯意没有明确，也不能确切证实，两人之间没有形成杀害高强的共同故意，因此，向华的行为不构成犯罪。　　

　　第二种意见认为，向华明知刘明因纠纷带着刀要报复高强的情形下，骑摩托车搭载刘明前往，向华对刘明持刀前往报复将产生的结果，即有可能致人伤害或死亡的后果是能够预见的，在现场对刘明实施犯罪及其犯罪完结后所持态度是容忍的，并且刘明正是利用了向华提供的搭载行为而实施犯罪并有效逃离现场，故向华主观上存在放任他人实施杀人的心态是可以合理推定得出，向华的行为符合故意杀人帮助犯的特征，构成故意杀人罪。

　　评析：笔者同意第二种意见，理由如下：

　　刘明的犯罪行为没有超出向华所能够预见的范围，刘明和向华的行为构成共同犯罪，相对刘明的实行行为，向华之行为构成故意杀人犯的帮助犯。

　　帮助犯是指在共同犯罪中，相对于实行犯而言，指在他人产生犯罪决意之后，以心理支持、物质帮助等方式故意帮助他人实施犯罪，或为他人实施犯罪创造便利条件，而自己不直接实行犯罪。帮助犯应具有双重心理状态：其一，必须认识到实行犯所实行的是犯罪行为及这种犯罪行为将要造成一定的危害后果；必须认识到以自己的帮助行为能为实行犯实施和完成犯罪创造便利条件。其二，希望或者放任通过自己的帮助行为，实行犯能够造成一定的危害后果。帮助故意是帮助犯的主观恶性的直接体现，也是帮助犯承担责任的主观基础，行为人必须认识到自己是在对他人的犯罪行为予以帮助。帮助犯的刑事责任限于和正犯具有共同故意的犯罪事实内，对于正犯实施的超出共同故意范围内的犯罪事实，帮助犯不负刑事责任。判断某一行为是否超出共同犯罪故意范围，一般应当以帮助犯和正犯是否存在明示或默示的内容为标准。通常实践中，行为的显性、明示状态认定不成问题，但默示行为的认定则因具有隐性而较为困难。默示是形成共同犯罪故意的方式之一，一般表现为共犯人对实施某一犯罪行为，彼此心领神会，只要能认定在犯罪过程中存在“心理上的趋同和一致，即共同的不正当需要的出现”而予以帮助的行为，就能构成帮助犯。如果帮助犯在场却没有积极制止该犯罪行为或者有效阻止危害结果发生，仍旧可以认定对该行为是容忍或认可的，主观上具有罪过，帮助他人犯罪的行为成立。如果在共谋中本身就存在默示行为或犯意具有模糊性、不明确，且不超出所能预见的范围，帮助犯的成立也毋庸置疑。

　　综合本案情况来看，向华在明知刘明因纠纷将去报复他人，仍给予物质帮助、精神上予以壮势，尽管两人对故意伤害或故意杀人的报复犯意没有明确，也不能确切证实，但向华对刘明持刀前往报复将产生的结果，即有可能致人死亡的后果是能够预见的，在现场对刘明实施犯罪及其犯罪完结后所持态度是容忍的，并且刘明正是利用了向华提供的帮助行为而实施犯罪并有效逃离现场，故向华主观存有放任他人实施杀人的心态是可以合理推定而出，其行为符合故意杀人的帮助犯特征。

　　（作者单位：江西省高安市人民法院）
国家税务总局


关于印发《增值税专用发票》式样的通知(附英文)
国家税务总局




各省、自治区、直辖市税务局，各计划单列市税务局，海洋石油税务管理局各分局：
为了确保增值税凭发票注明税款抵扣制度的贯彻实施，现将《增值税专用发票》（以下简称《专用发票》）的式样发给你们，并就有关问题通知如下：
一、《专用发票》暂定式样和联次（式样附后）。票头印明监制税务机关所在的省、自治区、直辖市，字轨号码的排列方法自定。联次为四联，即第一联为存根联，第二联为发票联，第三联为抵扣联，第四联为记帐联。
二、《专用发票》的第二联和第三联套印省级税务机关全国统一发票监制章，套印位置按国税发〔1991〕112号文件的有关规定执行。
三、《专用发票》的印色，第二联为棕色，第三联为绿色，其余联次的印色全国不作统一规定。
四、《专用发票》的规格分为两种，用汉字印制的为40开（190×105）；用两种文字印制的为32开（190×130）。票面限额全国不作统一规定。
五、《专用发票》的第二联和第三联用国家税务总局指定厂家生产的防伪专用纸印制，不套印底纹。也可继续使用无（涂）碳、压感纸印制专用发票，暂不统一更换防伪专用纸。其余两联的用纸全国不作统一规定。
六、《专用发票》由各省、自治区、直辖市税务局按照集中统一的原则指定企业印制，并报国家税务总局备案。对不在省会城市的计划单列市税务局暂可自行指定企业印制专用发票，可以套印计划单列市税务局全国统一发票监制章，但票头仍只统一印明所在省、自治区。海洋石油税务
管理局所管企业需用的《专用发票》，暂由海洋石油税务管理局各分局向所在省、直辖市税务局领购。
请各地接此通知后，立即做好《专用发票》开印前的一切准备工作，确保明年1月1日前将《专用发票》发到用票人手中。如果国家税务总局分配的防伪专用纸数量不够或防伪专用纸11月底之前未运到，经请示国家税务总局批准，各地可用原发票用纸印制少量《专用发票》以备应急
。但要严格控制印量，把新旧纸交替使用时间控制在一个季度之内。


(State Administration of Taxation: 25 October 1993 Guo Shui Fa[1993] No. 112)

Whole Doc.

To tax bureaus of various provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities, tax bureaus of cities with separate planning and to
sub-bureaus of off shore oil tax administrative bureau:
In order to ensure implementation of the system whereby VAT tax
deduction is clearly indicated in invoices, the model of the Special VAT
Invoices (hereinafter referred to as Special Invoices) is hereby issued to
you and you are notified of the following related questions:
I. The temporary model and form number (attached behind) of the
Special Invoice. The Province, autonomous region or municipality where
the tax authorities are located are clearly printed at the top of the
invoice, the method for arranging the word track and word number is to be
self-decided. The number of invoice forms consist of four forms, the first
form is the stub form, the second the invoice form, the third is the
deduction form and the fourth the account keeping form.
II. The second and third forms of the Special Invoice are
chromatographed with the unified national invoice manufacture supervision
Seal of provincial-level tax authorities, the related stipulations of the
Document Guo Shui Fa (1991) No. 112 should be implemented in regard to the
location of the chromatographed seal.
Thirdly, as to the color of the Special Invoice, the second form is
brown, the third form green, but no unified national stipulation is laid
down for the color of other invoice forms.
Fourthly, the Special Invoice consists of two specifications, those
printed in Chinese character are 40-mo (190 x 105); those printed in two
languages are 32-mo (190 x 130). No unified national stipulation is laid
down for the nominal limit.
Fifthly, The second and third forms of the Special Invoice shall be
printed with the special paper for anti-forged invoices produced by the
factory designated by the State Administration of Taxation, without
printing the burelage. Carbon-free paper and pressure paper can continue
to be used to print Special Invoice, special anti-fake paper is not
changed in a unified way for the time being. No unified national
stipulation is laid down for the use of paper for the other two forms of
invoice.
Sixthly, The Special Invoice shall be printed by enterprises
designated by tax bureaus of various provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities in line with the principle of centralization and
unification, and reported to the State Administration of Taxation for the
record. Tax bureaus of cities with separate planning not located in
provincial capital cities may temporarily designate enterprises to print
Special Invoice, may chromatograph the unified national invoice
manufacture-supervision seal of the tax bureaus of cities with separate
planning, but the provinces and autonomous regions where they are located
shall still be printed at the top of the invoice in a unified way. The
Special Invoice used by enterprises under the jurisdiction of the Offshore
Oil Tax Administration shall be received and purchased from the tax
bureaus of the provinces or autonomous regions where the branches of the
Offshore Oil Tax Administration are located.

The various localities, after receiving this Notice, shall
immediately perform all preparatory work well prior to the printing of
Special Invoice, so as to ensure that the Special Invoices will be
distributed to the users before January 1, 1995. If the amount of special
anti-fake paper allocated by the State Administration of Taxation is not
enough or the special anti-fake paper will not be delivered before the end
of November, the matter should be reported to the State Administration of
Taxation and has been granted approval, the various localities may use the
paper originally for invoices and printed a limited amount of Special
Invoice in order to meet the urgent need. But the printing amount must be
kept under strict control and limit the time for the alternate use of old
and new paper within one quarter.



1993年10月25日